现代华为通信电源的发展动态与应用

1 前言华为通信电源

　　21世纪常识经济的突起，源自信息技术及工业迅猛成长为标志的科技革命。常识经济的成长，又给这场科技革命注进壮大的活力。常识经济对工业蓬勃国家而言，是生产力成长的自然成效，对处于工业化进程中的成长中国家来说，则是机遇与挑战并存。信息工业革命是常识经济的根蒂根基，电源技术是信息工业的火车头，具有高附加值的高科技产物是新世纪常识经济的焦点。电源是任何一种电子装备不成缺少的组成部门，电源质量的黑白将直接影响到信息系统的靠得住性和进步前辈性。凭据中国电源协会的统计，中国电源市场的规模每一年约为300亿元人平易近币，其中电子电源整机和化学物理电源各占50%。预计2002年至2005年，我国通讯电源市场将以20%左右的速度增加。通讯和网络电源是最能体现现代电源技术和运用的领域之一。现代通讯电源的成长与运用可归纳综合为绿色化、高频带化和模块化。

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2、绿色化产物势必获得普遍运用

　　绿色化来历于“没有污染”的意思，未受污染的食物被称为绿色食物，未被污染的情况是绿色情况。对情况有庇护作用的产物称为绿色产物，物理电源就是一年夜类绿色化产物，它是将太阳能或光能、热能直接转换成电能的装配。太阳能电池又称光电池、光生伏打电池，它已普遍用于人造卫星、宇宙飞船和星际空间站作主要电源。地面上可用于无人灯塔、无人气象站、微波通讯中继站、广播电视差转台、船标灯、地震观察站等作电源。还可以作光电元件，年夜量运用于自动化系统中。温差发电器是哄骗温差电效应将热能直接转换成电能的一种装配。现在使用的温差发电器采用的材料有碲化铅、碲化铋、碲化锗、锗——硅等。温差发电用具有无噪声、维护简单、可以持久地工作等优点。

　　绿色电器产物则有两层寄义: 首先是显著的节省电能，这意味着发电容量的勤俭，而发电是近期造成情况污染的重要缘由，所以节电就能够削减对情况污染; 仅此还不够，电器电源还应当知足不合错误（或少对）用电网络发生污染。国际电工委员会（IEC）对此就制定了一系列尺度，例如IEC555、IEC917、IEC1000等国际尺度。事实上，许多功率电子电器装备，往往会酿成对电网的污染源: 向电网注进严重的高次谐波电流，使总功率因数（包括基波位移无功，出格是谐波的畸变无功）的下降，使电网电压耦合许多毛刺尖峰，甚至泛起缺角和畸变。20世纪末，各类有源滤波器和有源抵偿器的方案诞生，有了多种批改功率因数的方式，这些为新世纪年夜批量生产各样绿色开关电源产物奠基了根蒂根基。现在，我们应当提倡绿色产物、斥地绿色通道、培育绿色市场！

　　21世纪的节电和情况庇护，将使多种智能开关技术普遍运用，电源供电结构由集中式向散布式成长。今朝已将散布式开关电源系统的研究内容扩充，包括电源串并联技术、电源级联技术、电源割裂技术、负载割裂技术和电源的叠装技术等。开关电源功率因数校正器由直流开关功率变换器和具体控制电路组成。它与传统开关电源的区分是: 不仅反馈输出电压，还反馈输进平均电流; 电流环基准旌旗灯号为电压环误差旌旗灯号与全波整流电压取样旌旗灯号的乘积。散布式开关电源哄骗最新理论和技术功效，组成积木式、智能化的年夜功率供电电源。它使强电与弱电慎密连系，这样做可极年夜地减轻对年夜功率元器件、年夜功率装配（集中式）的研制压力，从而极年夜地提高生产效率。散布供电方式具有节能、靠得住、经济、高效和维护利便等优点。该方式不仅被现代通讯装备采用，而且已为计较机、航空航天、工业控制系统等采用，仍是超高速型集成电路的低电压电源的最理想的供电方式。在年夜功率场所，好比电镀、电解电源、电力机车牵引电源、中频感应加热电源、电念头驱动电源等领域也有广漠的运用前景。

3、高频化产物体现了技术含量的价值

　　从理论分析和实践经验讲明，电气产物体积重量随其供电频率的平方根成反比地减小。所以，当我们把频率从工频50Hz提高到20KHz，用电装备的体积重量年夜体上降至原来工频设计的5~10%。这正是开关电源新技术得以实现功率变频而带来的较着效益。逆变或整流焊机也好，通讯电源用的开关式整流器也好，都是基于这一个原理。那末，依照一样原理对传统“整流行业”的电镀、电解、电加工、电力合闸、充电、浮充电等各类直流电源整机加以类似的改造，使之更新换代为“开关变换类电源”，其主要材料可以勤俭90%或更高，还可节电30%或更多。由于功率电子器件工作频率上限的慢慢提高，促使许多原来的传统采用高频装备固态化，带来显著节能、节水、勤俭材料的经济效益，加倍体现技术含量的价值。

现今世界，通讯业的迅猛成长极年夜地推动了通讯电源的成长。小型的高频开关电源及其技术成为现代通讯供电系统的主流。今朝程控交换机用一次电源尽年夜部门已由高频开关电源取代，而其二次直流供电电源为高功率密度开关电源模块。因通讯容量的不竭增加，也要求通讯电源容量增加。在通讯领域中，凡是将整流器称为一次电源，而将直流——直流变换器称为二次电源。一次电源的作用是将单相或三订交流电网变换成标称值48V直流的电源。开关型整流器（也称为高频开关电源）经由过程使用功率场效应管，尽缘栅双极晶体管功率开关的高频工作，开关频率一般控制在20~50KHz范围内，实现高效率和小型化，已替换可控硅相控电源，也将调频脉宽调剂（PWM）高频开关电源用于通讯领域。

　　近年，通讯电源功率容量不竭扩年夜，单机容量已从12.5A、20A扩年夜到200A、400A。由于通讯装备中所使用集成电路的种类繁多，其电源电压也各不不异，在通讯供电系统中采用了从中心母线电压（通常是48V直流）变换成所需要直流电压的直流——直流（DC/DC）变换器模块，凡是都直接装在尺度控制板上，对其的要求就是高功率密度。这样可以极年夜地削减消耗、维护十分利便，而且安装与增加功率容量都很是利便。现在，通讯电源已由传统集中供电制向散布供电制成长。采用散布式供电制后，单模块电源的容量一般较小，因而可以实现高频化。将一个固定的直流电压变换成可变的直流电压，这类技术还被普遍地运用于无轨电车、地铁列车、蓄电池供电的灵活车辆和电动汽车的控制，使其控制能获得加速平稳，快速响应的优良性，并同时起到勤俭电能的效果。凡是用直流斩波器取代变阻器调速可勤俭电能20~30%。直流斩波器不仅能起调压的作用（开关电源），同时还能起到有用地抑制网侧谐波电流噪声的作用。

　　通讯用开关电源的成长趋向是年夜功率化和高功率密度化。两者都从电路结构、控制原理上对功率变换器提出了更高、更新的要求。通讯电源的二次电源DC/DC变换器已商品化，模块产物采用PWM高频技术，开关频率在500KHz左右，随着年夜规模集成电路技术的成长，提出对电源模块的小型化，是以就要不竭提高开关频率，由此推动谐振技术迅速成长。今朝有一些公司研制和生产零电流开关和零电压开关准谐振变换器二次电源模块，功率密度有较年夜幅度的提高。移相全桥零电压开关用于通讯开关电源中，具有特定的益处: 由于零电压开关全桥变换器可以输出很年夜功率，在一样的需求功率下，可减小并联模块的数目: 采用软开关能提高逆变器的工作频率，从而减小变压器、电感和电容体积，使开关电源体积更小、重量更轻; 软开关解决了硬开关效率因升频而下降的问题，能够提高转换效率; 软开关中电压和电流变化率极年夜地下降，使年夜功率元器件的工作更平安，还极年夜地减小电磁干扰和射频干扰，简化杂音缓冲、吸收电路。以后会不竭地提高开关频率，将由今朝的200~500KHz进一步向MHz级成长。

4、模块化是开关电源的重要成长标的目的

　　模块化有两个方面的寄义，其一是指功率器件的模块化，其二是指通讯电源单元模块化。我们常见的器件模块，包括一单元、两单元、六单元直至七单元以上，包括开关器件和与之反并联的续流二极管，实质上都属于尺度功率模块。近来，有些公司把开关器件的驱动庇护电路也装到功率模块中往，组成新型智能化功率模块，这样缩小整机体积，利便了整机设计和制造。现实上，由于频率的不竭提高，致使引线寄生电感、寄生电容的影响越发严重，对器件造成更年夜的电应力（浮现为过电压、过电流毛刺）。为了提高系统的靠得住性，整机厂家与元器件厂家合作开发“用户专用”功率模块。这样的模块把一台整机的几近所有硬件都以芯片的形式安装到一个模块中，使年夜量元器件之间不再有传统的引线相连，它经过严酷、合理的热、电、机械方面的设计，到达了优化完善的境地。它类似于微电子领域的用户专用集成电路，只要把控制软件写进该模块中的微处置器芯片，再把整个模块固定在响应的型材散热器上，就组成一台新颖的开关电源装配。因而可知，模块化的目的不单单在于使用利便，缩小整机体积，更重要的是取消传统电路连线，把寄生参数降到最小，从而把电源元器件和功率器件承受的电应力降至最低，提高系统装备的靠得住性。

　　年夜功率的开关电源，由于器件容量的限制和从提高靠得住性方面斟酌，可采用多个自力的模块单元并联工作。由于采用该并联均流技术，使所有模块配合分管负载电流，一旦其中某个模块失效，其它模块再平均分管负载电流。这样工作不单提高了功率容量，在有限的器件容量的情况下知足年夜电流输出的要求，而且经由过程增加整个系统的功率电源模块，极年夜地提高系统靠得住性，即使万一泛起单块故障，也不会影响系统的正常工作，而且还为修复提供了充实的时间。MAX5021 IC就是一种高频率、电流模式PWM控制器，很是适适用于宽输进范围的隔离式电信电源。它可以用来设计小型、高效的功率转换电路模块。固定的262KHz开关频率使开关消耗控制在适当范围内，同时又适度地减小了功率元件的尺寸，其内部含有年夜回差的欠压锁定电路，具有极低的启动电流。逐周期电流限制（哄骗内部的高速比力器实现）下降了对MOSFET（金属——氧化物——半导体场效应管）和变压器的逾额设计要求。其它特征还包括最年夜占空比限制和高峰值输出与吸收电流驱动能力。

　　开关电源技术是新型功率元器件和新型电路拓扑的不竭泛起，在现实需要的推动下快速成长起来的。采用分歧的元器件，可以设计出分歧性质的开关电源。今朝，成长比力快的功率电子器件有功率MOSFET等。出格是为了顺应当前系统集成的潮水，智能化功率模块成长很是快。现代通讯电源模块将触发电路、庇护电路和故障诊断电路和通讯电路都集成在一个模块之中，加倍使装配体积小、重量轻及功能强。模块除运用在电信电源和数据通讯领域之外，还被普遍运用在计较机、办公自动化、工业、仪器、军事和航天等领域。

Huawei communication power supply

The emergence of common sense economy in the 21st century stems from the technological revolution marked by the rapid growth of information technology and industry. The growth of common sense economy has given this scientific and technological revolution great vitality. Common sense economy is the natural effect of productivity growth for countries with booming industry. For growing countries in the process of industrialization, it is the coexistence of opportunities and challenges. Information industry revolution is the foundation of common sense economy, power technology is the locomotive of information industry, high-tech products with high added value are the focus of common sense economy in the new century. Power supply is an indispensable part of any electronic equipment. The black and white quality of power supply will directly affect the reliability and advancement of information system. According to the statistics of China Power Supply Association, the scale of China power supply market is about 30 billion yuan per year, of which 50% are electronic power supply and 50% are chemical physical power supply. It is predicted that the market of communication power supply in China will increase by about 20% from 2002 to 2005. Communication and network power supply is one of the fields that can best embody modern power technology and application. The growth and application of modern communication power supply can be summarized as green, high-frequency band and modular.

2. Green products are bound to be widely used

Green comes from the meaning of "no pollution". The uncontaminated food is called green food. The uncontaminated situation is green. The product that has a protective effect on the situation is called green product. Physical power supply is a kind of green product. It is an assembly that directly converts solar energy, light energy and heat energy into electric energy. Solar cells, also known as photocells and photovoltaic cells, have been widely used as the main power supply for satellites, spacecraft and interstellar space station. On the ground, it can be used as power supply for unmanned lighthouse, unmanned weather station, microwave communication relay station, radio and television turntable, ship beacon lamp, earthquake observation station, etc. It can also be used as photoelectric element in automation system. Thermoelectric generator is a kind of assembly that directly converts thermal energy into electrical energy by using thermoelectric effect. At present, the materials used in thermoelectric generator are lead telluride, bismuth telluride, germanium telluride, germanium silicon and so on. Thermoelectric power generation has the advantages of no noise, simple maintenance and long-term operation.

Green electrical products have two meanings: first, significant energy saving, which means that the generation capacity is thrifty, and power generation is an important reason for the recent situation pollution, so energy saving can reduce the situation pollution; only this is not enough, the electrical power supply should also be satisfied with the wrong (or less pairs) electricity network pollution. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has formulated a series of standards, such as iec555, iec917, iec1000 and other international standards. In fact, many power electronic and electrical equipment, often lead to the pollution source of the power grid: inject serious high-order harmonic current into the power grid, so that the total power factor (including the basic wave displacement reactive power, especially the harmonic distortion reactive power) decreases, so that the power grid voltage coupling many spikes, even the missing angle and distortion. At the end of the 20th century, various kinds of active filters and active compensators were born, and there were many ways to correct the power factor, which laid the foundation for mass production of various green switching power products in the new century. Now, we should advocate green products, reject green channels and cultivate green markets!

In the 21st century, power saving and situation protection will make a variety of intelligent switch technology widely used, and the power supply structure will grow from centralized to decentralized. At present, the research contents of the distributed switching power supply system have been expanded, including power series parallel technology, power cascade technology, power supply splitting technology, load splitting technology and power stacking technology. The power factor corrector of switching power supply consists of DC switching power converter and specific control circuit. It differs from the traditional switching power supply in that it not only feeds back the output voltage, but also feeds back the average current; the reference signal of current loop is the product of the error signal of voltage loop and the sampling signal of full wave rectified voltage. The distributed switching power supply uses the latest theory and technology to form a building block and intelligent power supply. It makes the strong current and the weak current closely connected, which can greatly reduce the pressure on the development of large power components and large power assembly (centralized), so as to greatly improve the production efficiency. Distributed power supply has the advantages of energy saving, reliable, economic, efficient and convenient maintenance. This mode is not only adopted by modern communication equipment, but also by computer, aerospace, industrial control system, etc. it is still the most ideal power supply mode for ultra-high speed integrated circuit low-voltage power supply. In large power places, such as electroplating, electrolytic power supply, electric locomotive traction power supply, medium frequency induction heating power supply, electric drive power supply and other fields also have broad application prospects.

3. High frequency products reflect the value of technical content

According to the theoretical analysis and practical experience, the volume and weight of electrical products decrease inversely with the square root of power supply frequency. Therefore, when we increase the frequency from 50Hz to 20kHz, the volume and weight of electrical equipment will be reduced to 5-10% of the original power frequency design. This is the new technology of switching power supply to achieve power conversion and bring more benefits. Either inverter or rectifier welding machine or switching rectifier for communication power supply are based on this principle. Then, according to the same principle, the traditional "rectification industry" of electroplating, electrolysis, electricity

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